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Soldti Romans in the Eastern fronts - III century.

Roman soldiers stationed in the eastern provinces are facing a military reality is quite different from even dangerous combinations of Germanic tribes of nomadic or those boundaries Rhenish Danubian border.
Persian Sassanid Empire is rich, broad and cohesive as ever was with the previous dynasties and fielding an army of cavalry, equipped and experienced. The nobility fulfills the role of heavy cavalry with full armament and adjutants (antisignana in a sense of what will be the "Cavalleria" Medieval) other states in the population formed the light cavalry and archers giavelottieri, and the mass infantry, the whole light.

A compact as the Roman infantry, with the first two lines forming a wall of spears and shields, and behind a large quantity of bullets was launched at a strong pace, is still able to stop any horse. For this reason, the tactic was to Eastern disunity and fragmentation of the enemy lines with a speed of light cavalry attacks followed by sudden retreats and a constant launch of arrows by the archers and heavy cavalry also (the famous Clibanari ..) who threw the first to wield two-handed long Kontos and starting to canter.

If the tactic worked Orientale, heavy cavalry proved to be devastating and, to counter this, increased in a growing adoption in the Roman file of this type of weapon.

Other types of horse typically Eastern and adapted to the land they controlled, such as Camellia, was used by both sides.

At the time of Emperor Aurelian, the Roman troops were found to counter those of Queen Zenobia, in which quotas Egyptians also adopted classically-looking weapons and there were ethnic Jews foot specialist in the use of mace.

L'importanza degli arcieri nelle tattiche militari aumenta considerevolmente, soprattutto quello delle cavallerie che, pur intendendole leggere, potevano adottare complete armature difensive, anche per compensare la ovvia mancanza dello scudo.

At the time of great crisis of the third century. AD at the time of the Emperor Valerian, the weapons of the Sassanid had more reason than Roman times.

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AD Roman soldiers of the kingdom of Palmyra in the middle of the third century. AD

In the mid-third century. AD the Roman Empire is facing several crises at once, both in West and East. To save him from an untenable position shall be the vassal kingdom of the thriving city of Palmyra with his army, led by King Odeno and his death by his widow Queen Zenobia, against the Sassanid Persian empire.
A famous mural depicting foot soldiers armor covered with long lashes, with short swords (similar to Roman Gladi) and shields with hexagonal cross-bracing. But the most intriguing feature is the use of headphones instead of flake helmet.
an archaeological describes us as shields made of sturdy and light rods and spread across the path from leather reinforcements (the ones in the representation are also equipped with a classic round metal boss in the Roman manner).
Many conjectures were made about these soldiers, that this is the first military Palmyrene equipped in accordance with their customs and traditions. Another that it is of Roman troops stationed in the eastern provinces for a long time and who have absorbed some characteristics in the, in particular the use of headphones in a helmet.
This hypothesis can be substantiated by the increasing difficulty in finding craftsmen to produce the complex helmets "T" means the date of AD 260 for a bronze helmet and left unfinished, is the most recent asking about them types of products. Considering that a helmet could remain in use for three decades, we can assume that in the last quarter of the century there were still around but, being no longer in production, the vast majority were of another sort. Another
hypothesis is that the soldiers represented are Catafratti knights on foot. This assumption was met initially by many artists justified because of the extensive armor plates, then the acceptance of a very opaque armor for the infantry of the first file, this argument has lost validity.

Interpretation of the soldier as a hooded military Palmyrene _

Interpretation of the soldier as Legionnaire of the eastern provinces _

Interpretation the soldier as a knight of the eastern provinces _ Catafratto

A manuscript of the fifth century. AD depicts soldiers on guard around the master and his officers, armed with extensive links with iron caps, long spears and large oval shields from the classic Roman look of the time.
It 'obvious that this aspect of military thinking, born of the contamination characteristics of the Eastern Provincial, has subsequently spread also in Western Europe.

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The appearance of military weapons in the mid-third century.

From the second quarter of the third century spread further amendments military equipment.
Shields are simply constructed with thick planks and lose their traditional back reinforcement.
are always oval but wider, nearly round. The outer frame reinforcement is no longer made up of elements in bronze but, more simply and economically, by a strip of leather sewn through holes in the perimeter of the shield of wood itself. The design of the symbols is varied, ranging from simple frame, garlanded the crosses, only the representative color of the regiment with the same symbol at the bottom and a mercy seat in the upper part. Some, probably dedicated to the games of chivalry, are elaborately decorated, as well as those of the troops for a long time not used in action on the ground.
old products are still sweating rectangular a tile and there is a possibility that may have been used by the Praetorians who has always adopt the latest version of the classic Roman weapons. Even the old Pilum, now burdened with two balls of lead and strengthened along the shaft by a covering of rope, is the prerogative of the Praetorians, as well as the classic Sagum instead of the simple rectangular military cloak. The helmets
retain their appearance without undergoing changes covering the past, only spreads the use of bronze at the expense of iron.
The sleeves of the reinforcement mesh stretch the elbow and wrist often. The length tended to increase and often stops just above the knee. Even the armor scale follow this trend to be more coprenti, mantenendo le due piastre sul petto di protezione al foro per il capo.
Bordi di maglia di bronzo spesso ornano le corazze di maglia e strisce alternate di scaglie di bronzo e ferro caratterizzano l'aspetto dei militari di alto stato o ufficiali.
Il modello di corazza semirigida a scaglie cucite anche inferiormente, continua ad essere adottato principalmente dalla cavalleria ed indossato sopra alle maglie di ferro dai legionari delle prime linee. Anche una sorta di collare di scaglie viene spesso adottato sopra le maglie di ferro ad aumentarne la protezione.
La cavalleria assume una importanza strategica e di stato sempre maggiore, aumenta di numero e la varietà delle specializzazioni : Oltre alla classica cavalleria "media" capace di azioni di disturbo ma anche di duello vero e proprio, viene incrementata quella "leggera" di arcieri e giavellottieri ed all'opposto, quella "pesante" dei Contarii armati di lunghe lance brandite a due mani e protetti da lunghe maglie di ferro, corsetti di scaglia, collari, gambali ed elmi con maschere . Questa cavalleria agiva in formazione serrata  in azioni di sfondamento delle linee nemiche.