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Soldti Romans in the Eastern fronts - III century.

Roman soldiers stationed in the eastern provinces are facing a military reality is quite different from even dangerous combinations of Germanic tribes of nomadic or those boundaries Rhenish Danubian border.
Persian Sassanid Empire is rich, broad and cohesive as ever was with the previous dynasties and fielding an army of cavalry, equipped and experienced. The nobility fulfills the role of heavy cavalry with full armament and adjutants (antisignana in a sense of what will be the "Cavalleria" Medieval) other states in the population formed the light cavalry and archers giavelottieri, and the mass infantry, the whole light.

A compact as the Roman infantry, with the first two lines forming a wall of spears and shields, and behind a large quantity of bullets was launched at a strong pace, is still able to stop any horse. For this reason, the tactic was to Eastern disunity and fragmentation of the enemy lines with a speed of light cavalry attacks followed by sudden retreats and a constant launch of arrows by the archers and heavy cavalry also (the famous Clibanari ..) who threw the first to wield two-handed long Kontos and starting to canter.

If the tactic worked Orientale, heavy cavalry proved to be devastating and, to counter this, increased in a growing adoption in the Roman file of this type of weapon.

Other types of horse typically Eastern and adapted to the land they controlled, such as Camellia, was used by both sides.

At the time of Emperor Aurelian, the Roman troops were found to counter those of Queen Zenobia, in which quotas Egyptians also adopted classically-looking weapons and there were ethnic Jews foot specialist in the use of mace.

L'importanza degli arcieri nelle tattiche militari aumenta considerevolmente, soprattutto quello delle cavallerie che, pur intendendole leggere, potevano adottare complete armature difensive, anche per compensare la ovvia mancanza dello scudo.

At the time of great crisis of the third century. AD at the time of the Emperor Valerian, the weapons of the Sassanid had more reason than Roman times.

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AD Roman soldiers of the kingdom of Palmyra in the middle of the third century. AD

In the mid-third century. AD the Roman Empire is facing several crises at once, both in West and East. To save him from an untenable position shall be the vassal kingdom of the thriving city of Palmyra with his army, led by King Odeno and his death by his widow Queen Zenobia, against the Sassanid Persian empire.
A famous mural depicting foot soldiers armor covered with long lashes, with short swords (similar to Roman Gladi) and shields with hexagonal cross-bracing. But the most intriguing feature is the use of headphones instead of flake helmet.
an archaeological describes us as shields made of sturdy and light rods and spread across the path from leather reinforcements (the ones in the representation are also equipped with a classic round metal boss in the Roman manner).
Many conjectures were made about these soldiers, that this is the first military Palmyrene equipped in accordance with their customs and traditions. Another that it is of Roman troops stationed in the eastern provinces for a long time and who have absorbed some characteristics in the, in particular the use of headphones in a helmet.
This hypothesis can be substantiated by the increasing difficulty in finding craftsmen to produce the complex helmets "T" means the date of AD 260 for a bronze helmet and left unfinished, is the most recent asking about them types of products. Considering that a helmet could remain in use for three decades, we can assume that in the last quarter of the century there were still around but, being no longer in production, the vast majority were of another sort. Another
hypothesis is that the soldiers represented are Catafratti knights on foot. This assumption was met initially by many artists justified because of the extensive armor plates, then the acceptance of a very opaque armor for the infantry of the first file, this argument has lost validity.

Interpretation of the soldier as a hooded military Palmyrene _

Interpretation of the soldier as Legionnaire of the eastern provinces _

Interpretation the soldier as a knight of the eastern provinces _ Catafratto

A manuscript of the fifth century. AD depicts soldiers on guard around the master and his officers, armed with extensive links with iron caps, long spears and large oval shields from the classic Roman look of the time.
It 'obvious that this aspect of military thinking, born of the contamination characteristics of the Eastern Provincial, has subsequently spread also in Western Europe.

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The appearance of military weapons in the mid-third century.

From the second quarter of the third century spread further amendments military equipment.
Shields are simply constructed with thick planks and lose their traditional back reinforcement.
are always oval but wider, nearly round. The outer frame reinforcement is no longer made up of elements in bronze but, more simply and economically, by a strip of leather sewn through holes in the perimeter of the shield of wood itself. The design of the symbols is varied, ranging from simple frame, garlanded the crosses, only the representative color of the regiment with the same symbol at the bottom and a mercy seat in the upper part. Some, probably dedicated to the games of chivalry, are elaborately decorated, as well as those of the troops for a long time not used in action on the ground.
old products are still sweating rectangular a tile and there is a possibility that may have been used by the Praetorians who has always adopt the latest version of the classic Roman weapons. Even the old Pilum, now burdened with two balls of lead and strengthened along the shaft by a covering of rope, is the prerogative of the Praetorians, as well as the classic Sagum instead of the simple rectangular military cloak. The helmets
retain their appearance without undergoing changes covering the past, only spreads the use of bronze at the expense of iron.
The sleeves of the reinforcement mesh stretch the elbow and wrist often. The length tended to increase and often stops just above the knee. Even the armor scale follow this trend to be more coprenti, mantenendo le due piastre sul petto di protezione al foro per il capo.
Bordi di maglia di bronzo spesso ornano le corazze di maglia e strisce alternate di scaglie di bronzo e ferro caratterizzano l'aspetto dei militari di alto stato o ufficiali.
Il modello di corazza semirigida a scaglie cucite anche inferiormente, continua ad essere adottato principalmente dalla cavalleria ed indossato sopra alle maglie di ferro dai legionari delle prime linee. Anche una sorta di collare di scaglie viene spesso adottato sopra le maglie di ferro ad aumentarne la protezione.
La cavalleria assume una importanza strategica e di stato sempre maggiore, aumenta di numero e la varietà delle specializzazioni : Oltre alla classica cavalleria "media" capace di azioni di disturbo ma anche di duello vero e proprio, viene incrementata quella "leggera" di arcieri e giavellottieri ed all'opposto, quella "pesante" dei Contarii armati di lunghe lance brandite a due mani e protetti da lunghe maglie di ferro, corsetti di scaglia, collari, gambali ed elmi con maschere . Questa cavalleria agiva in formazione serrata  in azioni di sfondamento delle linee nemiche.

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AD Roman military weapons in the mid-third century.

Una sosta dopo lo scontro. Il legionario Lanciario di sinistra indossa una faretra per i giavellotti sopra una corta maglia di ferro mentre l'altro, un legionario delle prime linee indossa una corazza di scaglie e protezioni alle gambe, ambo e due hanno coprenti elmi a "T" indossati sui copricapo di stoffa di tipo Frigio.

Legion in battle. That hurt take the armor of scales and semi-rigid protection to the legs, the other a long wire mesh and decorated the edges with a stretch mesh of bronze.

Legionaries committed against Sassanid horse archers. On the right, in action, with Lanciari quivers for javelins, in the middle a wounded officer wearing a vest and a bronze helmet with a crest. It protects a legionnaire armed with a kind of Pilum used as a spear as by impact.

Legionaries succor the wounded emperor Gallienus. On the right, with the casing of scales, a legionnaire Lanciario. At the center of an archer. At the forefront of legionnaires left two heavily armed and protected by a bodice and semi-rigid collars chips, worn over the chain mail, and leggings.

Knights Romans. In a high Draconario holding the banner which takes its name, he wears an armor of scales with semi-rigid reinforcing plates at the back and neck. Below the mount holds a Legionary of an officer, left, with crest on the helmet.

Catafratto Roman Knight. In addition to an expanded wire mesh, wears a vest semi-rigid collar throws a long leg and knee. The horse is covered with an armor of scales on the body of bronze and leather on the neck, while wearing a muzzle on the ornate metal protection. The rider's helmet is equipped with a full face mask decorated with finely carved and showy plumes.

Roman Legionaries.

Knight Stablesiano, arciere a cavallo e legionario della Seconda Partica.

Legionario della seconda metà del III° sec. A.D.

 

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AD The Roman military clothing than half of the third sec.

Dal tempo dei Severi i reperti archeologici ritrovati, soprattutto tombali,  tendono a rappresentare the military with weapons that characterize them without helmets and armor. After the first, erroneous assumptions of an unused quotas due to crisis situations, a simple reflection helps us to understand: the concept of uniform or military uniform was very different, consistency (ie a similar appearance in the crowd) it was a created within each group and was more pronounced for the richest and most equipped to carry out their duties in the presence of the emperor. A military weapons
wearing the belt, the shoulder belt with a sword and, if it carries a service, the shield and a spear, but the armor and helmet were used only in a war zone or a battle before. They're not were what we understand as the closest thing to a modern uniform. Rather it was the tunic with long sleeves and a simple rectangular cloak stopped on the right shoulder by a metal buckle, the adoption of trousers and long strips of cloth wrapped to protect the legs and, of course, the robust footwear soles reinforced.
Over time, the appearance of the two "Clave" that run the tunic for its entire length (as in civil ones) tend to be supported by other reasons: see stripes that are interrupted at chest level and resume the bottom of the tunic and end with an arrow, are narrow and often double. Sometimes a symbol (eg. Eastern origin of the swastika ) Or a decoration is applied at the bottom to the sides of the tunic.
The predominant color is always off-white, but red is still present, as well as the blue, it seems, was adopted by the troops of sea and river. The difference between a clothing of the troops and officers resided only in the highest quality of workmanship and decor, and, perhaps, the adoption of a conventional color for the coat (red or white) than the yellow-brown widely adopted.
headgear were also of different shapes: the most common were probably cone-shaped cloth that also worn under the helmet they were a sort of padding. A version with round tip falling forward (Phrygian cap) is often represented in the archaeological and images that refer to the Mithraic religion, widespread among the military. There are, however, even with wide-brimmed hats and different styles.

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AD Roman military in the mid-third century. AD

Life inside the fortified walls of a Roman city.

Vexillario and Roman officials.

Legionnaire's marina. An Officer and a legion of tor

re-call of Hadrian's Wall.

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Massimino il Trace con una sua guardia personale

Un centurione istruisce reclute di arcieri che, per il loro stato, indossano la versione più semplice e classica delle tuniche con la stoffa annodata dietro il collo.

officer in a classic dress with fringed mantle as the clear coat.

Comandante di cavalleria in armi .

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The appearance of the Roman soldiers at the time of Septimius Severus

Dopo una lenta e progressiva evoluzione nell'aspetto del militare romano nel secolo precedente, al tempo dell'imperatore Settimio Severo e cioè a cavallo tra la fine del II° sec. ed i primi del III° sec. A.D. il cambiamento si fa più evidente.
La produzione degli elmi di tipo Italico Imperiale è sempre più rara e composta da esemplari raffinati e finemente decorati mentre si diffonde sempre più il modello con rinforzi incrociati alla sommità ed ampie paragnatidi  che lasciano visibili solo gli eyes, nose and mouth, previously adopted by the cavalry.
latter adopts similar helmets, with tiles and a very deep level of finishing and decoration above. At the top of which often bear a boss can be inserted into a plume of horsehair.
The production of segmented armor appears to decrease significantly (over Septimius Severus their presence is a minority compared to other types) while spreading the use of a scaled model also sewn vertically to the top with the bottom, so impenetrable as to make the structure. This design feature makes them less flexible because their size does not exceed that of segmentation. Before, at of the head, have an open space for easy donning, protected by a double metal plate, often finely decorated.
The use of the oval shield from Legionnaires' is spreading at the expense of the traditional rectangular shield tile, relegated, probably to the first lines of the sides that create a real "wall" of defense, as opposed to the file later formed the new specialization of legionnaires: the "Lanciarii, ie javelin thrower who can make a real rain of bullets against the enemy camp and they rise to a big relief for their tactical flexibility in various actions, including against the famous cavallerie orientali.
I simboli presenti negli scudi seguono la tradizione ma si diffondono disegni semplici di croci inghirlandate, non solo per le truppe auxiliarie, ma per le stesse legioni.
Le tuniche a manica lunga, di derivazione Celtica e Germanica, si avviano a soppiantare quelle a manica corta, i colori sembrano essere il bianco-sporco della lana o lino naturali ( non tinti ) ed il rosso ( tinto con l'economica cocciniglia piuttosto che con la costosa porpora ) da sempre inteso come il colore del guerriero.
Gli scarponcini subentrano definitivamente, nell'uso comune, alle vecchie "Calighe".
La cintura, simbolo del militare anche in tenuta priva di corazza ed elmo, si avvia a diventare sostanzialmente diversa : le strips hanging metal plates and disappear earlier that characterized it no longer apply. Letters contained phrases appear good luck but the trend is towards a model of leather with a big round buckle and the terminal is divided into two parts at the ends decorated with metallic applications. The length of the belt allows it to be wrapped around itself several times and have the two side pendants.
The sword is now brought to the left (with the oval shield) suspended by a broad cross-chest on which they are often applied metallic decorations and a tilt of the terminal metal history. This too will become diagonal symbol of "status" military.

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Roman soldiers at the time of Septimius Severus The Lorica

Cavaliere Contario che, senza scudo, regge la pesante lancia a due mani, indossa la maglia di ferro di nuova lunghezza e protezioni alle gambe. I legionari indossano l'uno la corta corazza semirigida a scaglie mutuata dalla cavalleria e l'ultimo elmo Italico Imperiale, l'altro la maglia di ferro ed un coprente elmo a "T".

Cavalieri di una Ala di cavalleria equipaggiati in maniera classica con elmi particolarmente decorati.

Legionario romano.

Ufficiale di cavalleria in ispezione ad una torre di guardia devastata sul confine Renano.

Legionario in marcia con il classico affardellamento.

Legionari in battaglia.

Legionario ed Arciere a cavallo, una tipologia di cavaliere che subisce un grosso incentivo sia per i numeri messi in campo che per la distribuzione su molti fronti anche Occidentali come la Britannia.

Legionario romano di stanza al fronte Orientale.